UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA 


BY 


EDWIN  C.  VOORHIES 


Fig.  1. — Does  on  the  University  Farm. 


BULLETIN  No.  285 

September,  1917 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA   PRESS 

BERKELEY 

1917 


Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPEEIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS    OF   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Director. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture    (Emeritus). 

Herbert  J.  Webber,  Director  Citrus  Experiment  Station;   Plant  Breeding. 

Hubert  E.  Van  Norman,  Vice-Director;  Dairy  Management. 

William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 

Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
*Eobert  H.  Loughridge,  Soil  Chemistry  and  Physics  (Emeritus). 

Charles  W.  Woodworth,  Entomology. 

Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 

J.  Eliot  Coit,  Citriculture. 

John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 

Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 

John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 

Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Enology. 

Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 

John  S.  Burd,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

Charles  B.  Lipman,  Soil  Chemistry  and  Bacteriology. 

Clarence  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science  and  Bacteriology. 

Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 

Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 

James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 

Fritz  W.  Woll,  Animal  Nutrition. 

Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 

W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

H.  J.  Quayle,  Entomology. 

Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 

J.  B.  Davidson,  Agricultural  Engineering. 

H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 

D.  T.  Mason,  Forestry. 
tFRANK  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 

W.  L.  Howard,  Pomology. 

William  G.  Hummel,  Agricultural  Education. 

John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

S.  S.  Rogers,  Olericulture. 

David  N.  Morgan,  Assistant  to  the  Director. 

Mrs.  D.  L.  Bunnell,  Librarian. 

Division  of  Animal  Husbandry 

Gordon  H.  True  R.  F.  Miller 

F.  W.  Woll  Edwin  C.  Voorhies 

J.  G.  Thompson  R.  P.  Royce 


*  Died  July  1,  1917. 

t  In  co-operation  with  office  of  Public  Roads  and  Rural  Engineering,  U.   S. 
^eDartment  of  Agriculture. 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA 

By  EDWIN  C.  VOORHIES 


This  bulletin  is  published  in  response  to  numerous  requests  that 
have  been  received  for  information  in  regard  to  the  value  of  milch 
goats  under  the  conditions  existing  in  this  state.  It  has  been  deemed 
advisable  to  include  in  the  discussion  some  general  information  on 
the  subject  of  milch  goats,  as  well  as  an  account  of  the  experimental 
work  done  with  this  class  of  farm  animals  at  the  University  Farm  up 
to  the  present  time. 

The  discussions  given  in  the  following  pages  are  accordingly  pre- 
sented under  two  headings,  (a)  General  Information  Concerning 
Milch  Goats;  (6)  Results  of  Experimental  Work,  1914-1916. 

(A)     GENERAL    INFORMATION    CONCERNING    MILCH    GOATS 

Milch  goats  are  kept  for  milk  production  in  many  foreign  coun- 
tries, especially  in  Continental  Europe,  Great  Britain,  Scandinavia, 
and  in  the  countries  bordering  the  Mediterranean.  They  are  found  in 
limited  numbers  in  different  states  in  the  Union,  and  are  doubtless 
more  numerous  in  this  state  than  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 
They  are  generally  kept  in  very  small  herds  that  supply  the  milk 
used  by  the  family.  A  relatively  small  number  of  large  herds  is  found 
in  California,  especially  in  the  southern  part.  The  comparatively  dry 
climate  of  this  state  agrees  well  with  milch  goats,  and  they  are  kept 
on  land  differing  greatly  in  topography  and  feed  conditions.  If  suf- 
ficient feed  is  available,  hilly  and  even  rocky  land  can  be  used  for 
goat  keeping.  Goats  do  not  thrive  well  on  low,  damp,  or  swampy 
land  as  the  conditions  on  such  land  are  conducive  to  foot  rot  and 
other  troubles.  Provided  the}7  are  properly  cared  for,  goats  will  do 
well  on  well-drained  valley  land. 

Alfalfa  furnishes  an  abundant  feed  supply  in  the  interior  valleys, 
which  could  be  utilized  in  goat  keeping  as  at  the  present  time  for 
dairy  cattle  and  other  classes  of  livestock.  In  most  places,  where 
alfalfa  cannot  be  grown  successfully,  other  pasture  crops  well  adapted 
for  feeding  goats  can  be  raised  to  advantage,  such  as  clover,  vetch, 
rape,  and  peas.  To  the  majority  of  goat  keepers  in  this  state  as 
elsewhere,  however,  the  main  sustenance  is  found  in  feed  growing 
in  waste  places,  on  vacant  city  lots,  along  roadways  and  fences,  or 
on  hill  lands  where  there  is  not  sufficient  available  feed  for  keeping 


88  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

a  cow.  Goats  thus  largely  derive  their  living  from  feed  that  would 
otherwise  go  to  waste,  which  accounts  for  their  popularity  among 
people  in  urban  communities  and  for  the  fact  that  they  are  generally 
considered  most  economical  milk  producers.  The  present  conditions 
and  possible  extension  of  the  milch  goat  industry  in  this  state  will  be 
further  discussed  in  another  place  in  this  bulletin. 

BEEEDS  OF  MILCH  GOATS 

There  are  many  different  breeds  of  milch  boats,  but  comparatively 
few  of  these  are  represented  in  California,  those  present  in  large  num- 
bers being  the  Toggenburg,  Saanen,  and  Anglo-Nubian.  A  great 
variety  of  crosses  and  numerous  goats  of  no  particular  breeding  are 
also  found. 

Toggenburg. — This  breed  is  at  the  present  time  the  most  numerous 
in  this  state.  It  has  its  native  home  in  the  Toggenburg  Valley, 
Switzerland,  where  it  has  been  bred  for  centuries.  The  prevailing 
color  is  brown,  both  light  and  dark,  with  white  markings.  A  white 
bridle  mark  is  always  present  on  each  side  of  the  face.  White  is  also 
present  on  the  underline  and  on  the  legs  below  the  knees  and  hocks. 
White  is  also  now  and  then  found  on  the  sides  of  the  animal.  As  a 
rule,  they  are  hornless,  but  horns  are  sometimes  developed.  The 
head  is  rather  long,  facial  lines  straight  or  slightly  concave,  ears  of 
a  medium  size,  more  or  less  erect,  although  sometimes  held  almost 
horizontally.  The  neck  is  somewhat  long  and  slender  and  there  way 
or  may  not  be  wattles  at  the  base  of  the  lower  jaw.  Toggenburgs 
usually  have  a  beard,  which  on  the  male  is  long  and  heavy.  The  better 
specimens  of  the  breed  are  always  lean  and  of  medium  size,  females 
weighing  about  100  to  140  pounds,  while  bucks  as  a  rule  weigh  from 
110  to  140  pounds.  Both  long-haired  and  short-haired  animals  are 
often  seen  in  the  same  herd.  It  has  been  our  experience  that  the 
Toggenburgs  are  very  hardy  and  make  splendid  mothers. 

Saanen. — This  is  another  Swiss  breed  which  is  quite  similar  to  the 
Toggenburg  in  general  conformation.  They  are  a  little  heavier  in 
weight,  mature  bucks  weighing  from  175  to  200  pounds  and  does  from 
110  to  140  pounds.  They  are  of  a  white  or  cream  color,  and  usually 
short-haired.  The  Saanen  is  considered  a  hornless  breed,  but  horns 
often  occur  as  in  the  case  of  the  Toggenburg.  The  Saanen  may  be 
used  to  great  advantage  in  grading  up  herds  in  this  state,  as  many 
of  the  common  goats  are  white  in  color. 

Nubians  or  Anglo-Nubians. — This  goat  is  probably  the  result  of 
a  cross  between  the  common  short-haired  goat  of  England  and  the 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


89 


Fig.  2. — Toggenburg  buck  Prince  Bismarck,  No.  159  A.  M.  G.  E.  A. 

(Courtesy  of  Winthrop  Howland,   Redlands,   Cal.) 


Fig.  3. — Toggenburg  doe  El  Chivar's  Geneva,  No.  637  A.  M.  G.  R.  A.     Grand 
Champion  Toggenburg  doe,  P.  P.  I.  E.,  1915.     Record,  2158  lbs.  milk  in  312  days. 


90 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Nubian,  Egyptian,  Abyssinian,  Chitral,  or  some  other  oriental  breed 
of  goats.  They  have  a  short  coat  of  no  fixed  color,  all  colors  and 
combinations  being  found.  The  ears  are  long,  wide  and  pendant  or 
semi-pendant.  The  facial  line  is  arched  with  a  slight  taper  toward 
the  muzzle.  The  eyes  are  large  and  full  and  the  foreher.cl  wide.  The 
kids  are  relatively  large  and  grow  rapidly. 

Large  numbers  of  goats  are  found  on  the  Catalina  Islands  in   a 
semi-wild  state  from  which  occasional  specimens  have  been  bi'ongit,- 


Fig.  4. — Saanen  buck  King  Franz,  No.  915  A.  M.  G.  E.  A. 

(Courtesy  of  L.  A.   Bridinger,    Santa  Rosa,   Cal.) 

to  the  mainland  and  domesticated.  In  some  cases  these  have  proved 
good  milch  animals.  The  same  holds  true  in  the  case  of  goats  from 
Mexico  and  the  Guadalupe  Island,  off  the  coast  of  Mexico. 


THE  MILK  OF  THE  GOAT 


One  of  the  first  questions  usually  asked  about  milch  goats  is  in 
regard  to  the  quantity  and  quality  of  milk  produced.  Milch  goats 
are  similar  to  dairy  cows  in  that  some  do  not  yield  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  milk  to  pay  for  their  keep,  while  others  are  profitable  dairy  animals. 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


91 


A  good  goat  should  give  800  to  1000  pounds  (approximately  400-500 
quarts)  during  a  lactation  period.  Many  breeders  speak  of  the  pro- 
duction of  their  animals  in  rather  uncertain  terms,  such  as  a  four- 
quart  doe,  a  three-quart  doe,  etc.  This  refers  to  the  production  for 
a  single  day  during  the  maximum  flow  of  milk.  The  individuality  of 
the  animal  is  the  greatest  factor  influencing  milk  production.  Breed 
is  also  an  important  factor.  The  Toggenburg  and  Saanen  are,  as  a 
rule,  heavy  milkers,  while  but  little  is  definitely  known  in  regard  to 


Fig.  5. — Saanen  doe  Juare  (imported). 

(Courtesy  of  R.   R.   Glahn,   Los  Angeles,    Cal.) 


the  production  of  the  other  breeds  in  this  state  at  the  present  time. 
Pegler  states  that  the  Anglo-Nubian  is  a  good  milker  of  rich  milk, 
containing  more  butter-fat  than  that  of  Swiss  goats,  although  the  yield 
is  not  as  a  rule  as  large.1 

The  Toggenburg  doe,  Fanette,  owned  by  Mr.  Winthrop  Howland 
of  Rancho  El  Chivar,  Redlands,  California,  is  reported  as  giving 
2680  pounds  of  milk  in  twelve  months.  Five  does  of  the  same  breed 
on  the  University  Farm  yielded  2148,  1553,  1341,  1283,  and  1090 
pounds  of  milk  during  a  lactation  period  of  twelve,  eleven,  eleven,  ten, 

1  Pegler,  The  Booh  of  the  Goat,  p.  31. 


92  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

and  eight  months,  respectively.  These  records  are  given  in  detail 
later  on.  Again,  a  common  doe  in  the  University  goat  herd  gave 
scarcely  over  550  pounds  of  milk  in  a  lactation  period  of  six  months. 
Composition  of  Goats'  Milk. — The  composition  of  goats'  milk  varies 
as  that  of  cows '  milk,  with  the  breed,  period  of  lactation,  and  the  indi- 
viduality of  the  animal.  But  little  information  is  at  hand  concerning 
the  composition  of  the  milk  of  goats  of  different  breeds.  So  far  as 
known,  the  milk  of  the  breeds  of  Swiss  origin  does  not  contain  as  high 
a  percent  of  butter-fat  as  that  from  the  Anglo-Nubian  or  even  from 
some  of  the  common  goats.  As  the  doe  advances  in  her  period  of 
lactation  the  fat  content  of  the  milk  increases.  This  also  varies  with 
other  conditions,  like  intervals  between  milkings,  completeness  of 
milking,  etc.,  so  that  the  test  of  a  single  sample  of  milk  will  not  give 
a  reliable  index  to  the  average  quality  of  the  milt.  This  can  only  be 
obtained  by  regular  testing  of  the  milk  for  one  or  more  full  days  at 
intervals  during  the  lactation  period,  in  the  same  way  as  for  dairy 
cows.  A  few  analyses  of  goats'  milk  taken  from  different  sources 
are  given  below. 


COMPOSITION  OF  GOATS'  MILK   (GENEVA,  N.  Y.,  AGRICULTURAL 

EXPERIMENT  STATION) 

Analyses  were  made  of  twenty-three  samples  of  milk  from  eleven 
animals : 

Average  Variations 

per  cent  per  cent 

Fat   3.82  1.80-  8.40 

Total  solids  12.12  9.22-17.63 

Total  proteins  3.21  2.24-  5.21 

Casein  2.40  1.56-  4.06 

Ash  55  .40-     .80 

Specific  gravity,  1.0294. 


COMPOSITION  OF   GOATS'  MILK    (CALIFORNIA   AGRICULTURAL 

EXPERIMENT  STATION) 

Analyses  of  the  milk  from  the  does  in  the  University  herd  are 
made  weekly.  The  averages  given  below  are  the  result  of  the  analyses 
made  weekly  during  the  entire  lactation  periods.  With  one  exception 
these  does  were  Toggenburgs. 

Average  Variations 

per  cent  per  cent 

Water  88.05  91.5-85.2 

Total  solids  11.95  9.5-14.8 

Fat   3.40  1.7-  5.6 

Solids,  not  fat 8.55  7.8-  9.2 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA  93 

Other  sources  give  the  composition  of  goats '  milk  as  follows : 

Casein  and 

Authority                            Water  Fat  albumen  Sugar  Ash 

per  cent  per  cent  per  cent  per  cent             per  cent 

Kenessc  85.50  4.8G                    5.00  4.00  .70 

Landweinth   85.60  4.60                    4.80  4.30 

Hoffman  86.19  4.73                    3.68  4.50  .90 

Koenig  86.88  4.07*                  3.76  4.64  .85 

*  Variations,  2.29-7.55  per  cent   (compiled  from  about  100  analyses). 

Flavor  and  Odor  of  Goats1  Milk. — Many  people  believe  that  all 
goats'  milk  has  a  peculiar  " goaty"  odor  and  taste.  This  is  not,  how- 
ever, necessarily  the  case.  A  disagreeable  flavor  is  oftentimes  due  to 
the  presence  of  a  buck  in  the  milking  herd ;  it  may  also  come  from  the 
feeding  of  improper  feed.  Provided  good  feed  and  care  are  given 
the  doe,  and  the  milk  is  produced  under  sanitary  conditions,  no  dis- 
agreeable odor  or  flavor  is  found  in  goats'  milk,  although  it  has  a 
distinct  flavor,  different  from  that  of  cows'  milk. 

Length  of  Lactation  Period. — Some  of  the  common  goats  milk  for 
only  four  or  five  months ;  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  not  easy  to  ' '  dry  up ' ' 
many  well-bred  does  even  after  they  have  been  milking  for  ten  months. 
The  common  goat  herd  may  be  improved,  however,  by  the  use  of  pure- 
bred bucks  of  known  milking  strains.  A  good  milch  goat  should  give 
milk  for  at  least  eight  months. 

USES  OF  GOATS'  MILK 

Direct  Consumption. — Goats'  milk  is  a  common  article  of  diet 
throughout  Europe.  Foreign  writers  agree  in  attesting  to  the  value 
of  goats'  milk  for  invalids  and  children.  Physicians  give  testimony 
as  to  the  beneficial  use  of  goats'  milk  for  infant  feeding. 

The  following  quotation  from  the  annual  report  of  the  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for  1915  is  of  interest  in  this 
connection : 

During  the  past  few  years  the  Station  has  maintained  a  herd  of  milch  goats 
for  the  purpose  of  studying  not  only  the  cost  of  maintenance  but  also  the  adapt- 
ability of  the  milk  to  certain  uses.  The  most  striking  results  so  far  secured 
relate  to  the  feeding  of  goats'  milk  to  infants.  The  Station  has  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  supplying  this  milk  to  a  fairly  large  number  of  very  young  children 
who  were  in  serious  physical  condition,  due  to  their  inability  to  properly  digest 
and  assimilate  either  modified  cows'  milk  or  any  of  the  commercial  infants'  foods 
that  were  tried.  In  nearly  all  cases  of  this  kind,  the  physical  condition  of  the 
children  has  been  built  up,  and  satisfactory  growth  has  been  brought  about  by 
the  use  of  goats '  milk.  It  is  not  entirely  clear  why  this  milk  has  proved  to  be 
so  efficient  a  food  in  the  instances  under  observation.2 


2  New  York  (Geneva)  Agric.  Ex.  Sta.,  Bull.  413,  p.  639. 


94 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


Cheese. — Considerable  amounts  of  cheese  are  made  from  goats' 
milk  in  Switzerland,  France,  and  other  European  countries.  Such 
cheese  as  Mont  d'Or,  Fromage  de  St.  Marcellin,  Neufchatel,  and  St. 
Claude  are  usually  made  by  combining  some  goats'  milk  with  cows' 
milk.  Neufchatel  cheese  has  been  made  on  a  commercial  scale  in  this 
state ;  the  following  directions  are  given  for  its  manufacture : 


Fig.  6. — Anglo-Nubian  buck  Banzai  Ben  Hur. 

(Courtesy  of   Dr.   R.   J.    Gregg,    Lakeside,    Cal.) 


NEUFCHATEL  CHEESE 

Neufchatel  cheese  can  be  made  from  either  goats'  or  cows'  milk,  but  the 
former  usually  makes  a  smoother,  closer-grained  cheese.  Good,  sweet  whole  milk 
from  morning's  and  night's  milking  should  be  set  in  the  evening.  The  milk  may 
be  either  raw  or  pasteurized,  but  pasteurization  will  insure  a  more  uniform  cheese 
as  well  as  kill  all  pathogenic  organisms.  For  pasteurization,  the  milk  should  be 
heated  to  143°  F.  and  held  at  this  temperature  for  twenty-five  minutes,  after  which 
it  is  cooled  to  the  setting  temperature.  (It  may  be  started  in  the  morning,  but  by 
setting  at  night  the  different  steps  in  the  process  may  be  handled  in  the  daytime.) 
It  is  convenient  to  set  the  milk  in  five-gallon  shotgun  cans.  The  milk  should 
be  tempered  to  about  70°  F.  The  setting  temperature  will  depend  largely  upon 
the  air  temperature  and  the  apparatus  available  for  holding  constant  temperature. 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


95 


If  the  outside  air  is  colder  than  70°  F.  and  the  milk  is  likely  to  cool  down  during 
the  night,  it  would  be  advisable  to  set  at  about  75°  F.,  while  if  the  night  air  is 
warmer  than  70°  F.  the  setting  temperature  should  be  below  70°  F. 

Setting:  Eennet  extract  is  added  at  the  rate  of  2%  cubic  centimeters  per  hun- 
dred pounds  of  milk.  The  rennet  should  be  diluted  with  about  twenty  times  its 
volume  of  cold  water  before  being  mixed  with  the  milk.  Starter  (curdled  milk) 
should  be  added  at  the  rate  of  about  50  cubic  centimeters  per  hundred  pounds  of 
milk.  For  average  milk  about  two  cubic  Centimeters  of  cheese  color  per  hundred 
pounds  of  milk  will  give  the  desired  color  in  the  cheese.      In  some  cases  conditions 


Fig.  7. — Anglo-Nubian  doe  kid  Inkyo  Tolonah  at  seven  months  of  age. 

(Courtesy  of  Dr.  R.  J.  Gregg,   Lakeside,   Cal.) 


may  be  such  that  no  color  is  necessary,  while  in  other  cases  a  higher  rate  than 
that  above  mentioned  may  be  necessary  in  order  to  give  the  proper  yellow  color 
to  the  cheese.  After  all  ingredients  are  thoroughly  mixed  with  the  milk  it  should 
be  covered  and  allowed  to  set  for  about  fifteen  to  eighteen  hours. 

The  curd  is  ready  to  drain  when  a  thin  layer  of  whey  shows  up  at  the  sides 
of  the  can  and  on  top  of  the  curd  and  the  free  whey  tests  from  .3  to  .4  per  cent 
acidity.  A  low  acidity  at  the  end  of  eighteen  hours  indicates  too  low  temperature 
or  insufficient  starter;  if  the  acidity  is  too  high  it  is  probably  caused  by  opposite 
conditions.  The  curd  should  then  be  poured  in  a  draining  cloth,  using  a  separate 
cloth  for  the  contents  of  each  can.  Cloth  used  for  this  purpose  should  have 
a  mesh  similar  to  the  cloth  used  for  making  flour  sacks;  ordinary  cheesecloth 
allows  too  much  curd  to  pass  through  and  results  in  a  low  yield.  These  sacks  of 
curd  should  be  suspended  and  allowed  to  drain  about  eight  to  ten  hours.      The 


96 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


temperature  of  the  draining  room  should  be  about  60°  F.  In  some  cases  the  cheese 
may  be  sufficiently  dry  after  draining  for  this  period,  but  ordinarily  it  is  necessary 
to  put  it  under  a  light  pressure  after  draining  in  order  to  remove  the  excess  moist- 
use.  This  can  be  done  by  tying  the  top  of  the  draining  cloth  close  to  the  curd 
and  placing  it  between  two  boards  with  one  or  two  bricks  for  pressure.  The 
ordinary  Frazer  cheese  hoop  and  a  follower  which  can  be  purchased  from   any 


Fig.  8. — Goat  brought  from  Guadaloupe  Island. 

(Courtesy  of   E.   W.    Patrick,   Pasadena,   Cal.) 


dairy  supply  house  is  very  convenient  for  pressing  the  cheese.  After  pressing 
over  night  the  curd  should  be  sufficiently  dry.  The  curd  is  removed  from  the 
cloth  and  mixed  with  salt  at  the  rate  of  two  ounces  of  salt  to  ten  pounds  of  curd. 
The  salt  may  be  mixed  more  evenly  if  the  curd  is  first  run  through  a  food  grinder. 
After  salting,  the  cheese  should  be  thoroughly  mixed  and  again  run  through  a 
food  grinder  to  give  it  a  smoother  grain. 

A  good  Neufchatel  cheese  should  have   a  mild,  clean   flavor   and  the  texture 
should  be  smooth  and  buttery.      The  moisture  should  be  between  55  and  60  per 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


97 


cent.      A  cheese  which  is  too  dry  will  probably  be  grainy  and  lumpy,  while  one 
containing  too  much  moisture  will  be  very  soft. 

The  cheese  is  usually  molded  in  a  cylindrical  form,  1%  inches  in  diameter 
and  2%  inches  long,  and  wrapped  in  parchment  paper  and  tinfoil.  It  may  be 
marketed,  however,  in  small  three  or  four-ounce  paper  boxes. 


Fig.  9. — The  goat  at  the  right  of  the  photograph  was  brought  from  the  Cata- 
lina  Islands.  The  next  doe,  her  daughter,  sired  by  a  pure-bred  Toggenburg  buck. 
The  next  one  is  the  granddaughter,  being  three-quarters  Toggenburg,  while  the 
doe  on  the  extreme  left  is  the  great  granddaughter,  being  seven-eighths  Toggen- 
burg. 


Condensed  Milk. — Evaporated  milk  from  goats'  milk  is  now  manu- 
factured in  a  large  condensory  in  Monterey  County  in  this  state.  It 
is  largely  used  for  infant  feeding. 

Ices. — Ice  cream  and  ice  milk  are  made  of  goat  cream  and  milk 
frozen  in  the  same  manner  as  from  cows'  milk  and  cream,  and  make 
very  pleasing  dishes. 


98  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

Butter. — It  is  not  likely  that  butter  will  ever  be  made  commer- 
cially from  goats'  milk.  It  is,  however,  occasionally  made  in  a  small 
way;  when  made  by  modern  methods  it  has  a  very  good  flavor  and 
texture  and  could  be  used  in  the  place  of  ordinary  butter. 

OTHER  GOAT  PRODUCTS 

Goats'  Flesh. — Goat  meat  is  not  generally  considered  a  choice  article 
of  diet.  The  flesh  of  the  kid  under  three  months  old  is  tender  and 
has  a  pleasing  flavor  to  one  who  likes  game.  It  is  generally  sold  as 
venison  or  lamb  and  should  be  cooked  in  the  same  way  as  venison. 
It  does  not  carry  enough  fat  to  make  it  desirable  for  roasting  or 
frying. 

Hides. — The  pelts  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  shoes  and  gloves. 
The  United  States  imports  annually  immense  numbers  of  these  skins. 
One  of  the  tanning  companies  in  Napa,  California,  quotes  the  follow- 
ing prices  (spring,  1917)  : 

No.  1  skins,  large  and  small,  30c  per  lb.  This  grade  must  be  free 
from  cuts. 

No.  2  skins,  20c  per  lb.  (Classes  as  No.  2  for  being  badly  taken 
off,  holes  in  them,  etc.) 

Dry  salt  goat  skins,  20c  per  lb. 

Very  poor  and  almost  worthless  stock,  5c  per  lb. 

MILCH  GOATS  AS  BRUSH  DESTROYERS 

The  milch  goat,  like  the  Angora,  is  a  destroyer  of  brushwood,  but 
it  cannot  be  expected  that  a  doe  put  on  rough  land  with  little  besides 
browse  to  feed  on  will  produce  a  maximum  or  even  a  satisfactory 
amount  of  milk  of  good  quality.  Kids,  on  the  other  hand,  are  likely 
to  do  well  on  such  land.  If  the  goat  is  merely  desired  as  a  destroyer 
of  brush,  Angora  goats  can  probably  be  used  to  better  advantage. 

GOATS  AS  CHILDREN'S  PETS 

Wethers  make  very  acceptable  pets  for  children.  They  can  very 
easily  be  broken  to  the  harness.  For  this  purpose  the  Anglo-Nubian 
is  unequalled  on  account  of  its  size. 

IMMUNITY  TO  DISEASE 

The  goat  is  an  extremely  hardy  animal  and  is  not  subject  to  a 
great  variety  of  known  animal  diseases.  Most  breeders  know  how  to 
treat  minor  ailments,  and  in  case  of  serious  trouble  a  veterinarian 
should  be  called.     According  to  Dr.  C.  M.  Haring  of  the  California 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


99 


Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  tuberculosis  in  milch  goats  is  ex- 
tremely rare. 

Malta  Fever  in  Goats. 

Malta  fever  or  Mediterranean  fever  is  a  matter  of  most  importance  to  the 
goat  industry  in  this  state.  Goats,  sheep,  cattle,  and  horses  are  susceptible  to 
this  disease,  caused  by  a  special  organism,  Micrococcus  melitensis.  Through  the 
goat  it  is  transmitted  to  man.  The  disease  has  been  endemic  to  the  island  of 
Malta  for  a  long  time,  but  its  occurrence  has  been  noted  in  almost  all  tropical 
and  subtropical  countries.  In  the  United  States  the  disease  has  been  found  in 
New  Mexico  and  Texas,  as  reported  by  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry. 


Fig.  10. — Anglo-Nubian  wethers  make  excellent  pets  for  children. 

(Courtesy  of  Phillip   Sanger,   California.) 

As  a  rule,  the  disease  has  no  active  effect  on  goats.  The  most  important 
symptom  which  is  observed  among  goats  affected  by  Malta  fever  is  the  frequency 
of  abortions  which  result  in  the  course  of  the  disease.  Some  authors  estimate 
that  expulsions  of  immature  fetuses  occur  in  50  to  90  per  cent  of  the  pregnant 
animals,  and  abortions  in  diseased  animals  reoccur  during  the  succeeding  and  even 
at  the  third  gestation  following  the  infection. 

The  symptoms  in  other  animals  are  generally  imperceptible  and  the  presence 
of  the  disease  can  be  determined  only  by  the  demonstration  of  the  specific  organ: 
ism  in  the  blood,  secretions  or  excretions. 

The  symptoms  in  human  beings  are  more  pronounced  and  give  rise  to  a  more 
or  less  severe  affection.3 

It  is  from  the  standpoint  of  public  health  that  the  disease  should 
be  considered.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  disease  is  not  known  to 
exist  in  this  state.      It  is  therefore  highly  important  that  this  disease 


s  U.   S.  Dept.   Agr.,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,   Circular   215 :    Malta  Fever 
with  Specific  Reference  to  its  Diagnosis  and  Control  in  Goats. 


100  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

is  not  allowed  to  enter  the  state.  Care  should  be  taken  to  have 
imported  animals  tested  by  the  combined  agglutination  and  comple- 
ment-fixation tests. 

FEEDING  OF  MILCH  GOATS 

The  underlying  principles  of  feeding  dairy  cattle  also  apply  to  the 
feeding  of  the  milch  goat,  which  is  a  single-purpose  animal  bred  for 
milk  production.  On  most  of  the  large  goat  ranches  some  concen- 
trates are  fed,  barley,  oats,  wheat,  dried  beet  pulp,  and  coeoanut  meal 
being  used  more  largely  than  any  others  in  this  state.  The  heavier 
milking  does  receive  as  much  as  two  pounds  of  concentrates  per  day 
when  in  full  flow  of  milk,  but  rarely  over  this  amount.  At  the  Uni- 
versity Farm  the  goats  have  been  fed  a  variety  of  concentrates,  viz., 
cracked  corn,  linseed  meal,  and  cotton  seed  meal,  besides  those  men- 
tioned above.  Some  of  the  concentrate  mixtures  fed  at  the  University 
Farm  are  as  f ollowjs : 

I. 

Parts  by  weight 

Rolled  barley  1 

Wheat  bran  1 

Dried  beet  pulp 1 

Coeoanut  meal  1 

II. 

Dried  beet  pulp 6 

Rolled  barley  1 

Wheat  bran  1 

Coeoanut  meal  2 

III. 

Dried  beet  pulp 1 

Wheat  bran  1 

Oats  1 

Coeoanut  meal  1 

IV. 

Dried  beet  pulp 3 

Rolled  barley  ,.     1 

Wheat  bran  1 

Alfalfa  hay  is  well  liked  by  goats  and  they  do  not  usually  tire  of 
it,  but  it  is  well  to  supplement  it  with  a  little  grain  hay  once  or  twice 
a  week.  Both  roots  and  silage  are  greatly  relished  by  goats.  Thistles 
make  a  palatable  feed  when  dry — preference  being  for  the  seeds,  how- 
ever.   Pasturing  is  the  ideal  method  of  feeding.      Goats  do  well  both 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA  101 

on  alfalfa  pasture  and  on  some  of  the  native  grasses  on  rocky  and 
hilly  land.  The  goat  enjoys  variety,  hence  it  is  wise  to  provide  as 
large  a  pasture  as  possible.  When  goats  are  kept  in  a  corral,  leaves 
and  prunings  are  very  acceptable  to  them,  and  even  when  on  pasture 
this  feed  is  relished  greatly.  Clean  kitchen  garbage  will  be  eaten 
with  a  relish.  Well-kept  goats  are  quite  particular  in  regard  to  the 
cleanliness  of  their  feed  and  drink,  and  will  only  do  their  best  when 
conditions  of  cleanliness  are  maintained. 

METHODS  OF  FEEDING 

Goats  in  milk  should  be  fed  twice  daily.  The  concentrated  por- 
tion of  the  rations  is,  as  a  rule,  fed  in  a  small  box  or  pan  at  milking 
time.  When  feeding  alfalfa  hay  it  is  always  best  to  tie  the  goats  and 
to  feed  the  hay  in  a  rack  to  prevent  waste.  Stanchions  similar  to 
those  used  in  feeding  calves  may  be  used  in  feeding  hay  to  milch  goats. 
A  feeding  box  used  on  some  goat  ranches  is  made  six  feet  long,  two 
and  one-half  feet  wide,  and  one  foot  two  inches  deep.  This  is  covered 
with  slats  to  prevent  the  goats  from  tossing  the  hay  into  the  air  and 
wasting  it.      The  goats  are  usually  fastened  to  this  box  with  snaps. 

THE  BUCK 

The  buck  is  often  one  of  the  troublesome  features  of  goateries,  and 
if  not  managed  properly  may  cause  difficulty.  He  should  not  be 
allowed  to  run  with  a  herd  of  goats  in  milk,  for  the  milk  will  then 
acquire  a  "goaty"  flavor,  the  does  will  likely  be  bred  too  early,  and 
the  time  of  breeding  will  not  be  known  with  certainty,  which  fact 
prevents  necessary  attention  being  given  at  the  time  of  kidding.  The 
best  plan  is  to  remove  the  buck  as  far  as  practicable  from  the  does. 
He  should  have  his  own  quarters  and  pasture,  if  possible.  It  is  neces- 
sary, however,  that  he  be  kept  in  a  good  vigorous  condition  throughout 
the  year.  During  the  breeding  season  some  grain  should  be  given. 
Several  bucks  can  be  kept  in  one  enclosure.  An  occasional  vigorous 
brushing  is  greatly  enjoyed  by  the  buck.  Bucks  are  often  infertile, 
and  the  testicles  of  kids  should  therefore  be  examined  to  see  whether 
or  not  they  are  large  and  well  formed.  If  they  are  small  and  growth 
does  not  seem  to  take  place  it  is  improbable  that  the  buck  will  prove 
fertile.  Kids  of  masculine  appearance  should  always  be  selected  for 
the  head  of  the  herd. 

The  number  of  does  a  buck  will  serve  depends  largely  on  his  health 
and  robustness ;  a  well-conditioned  buck  should  be  able  to  breed  about 
fifty  does. 


102 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


THE  DOE 

The  doe  usually  comes  in  heat  once  every  three  weeks,  except  dur- 
ing the  months  of  July  and  August.  They  will  breed  when  very 
young — before  six  months  of  age.  However,  if  early  breeding  is 
practiced  for  many  generations,  a  dwarf  stock  and  mediocre  milkers 
will  probably  follow.  It  is  recommended  that  the  doe  be  bred  at 
about  eighteen  months  old,  so  as  to  come  fresh  at  two  years  of  age. 


Fig.  11.— Kids,  if  given  plenty  of  feed  and  exercise,  grow  rapidly. 


The  period  of  gestation  in  does  is  about  152  days.  The  number  of 
kids  at  birth  is  most  frequently  two,  although  one,  three,  or  more 
kids  are  often  dropped.  Twins  are  usually  desired  because  when  more 
come,  they  are,  as  a  rule,  neither  as  vigorous  nor  as  large  as  twin 
kids.  Small,  unthrifty  offspring  should  be  killed  at  time  of  birth. 
It  is  a  good  plan  to  keep  the  pregnant  does  alone  as  much  as  possible 
for  two  or  three  weeks  before  kidding.  When  two  or  more  does  are 
kept  together  they  may  fight  and  hurt  each  other,  causing  abortion. 
At  kidding  time,  warm  bran  mashes  are  recommended  as  being  both 
laxative  and  cooling.  Practically  all  goat  breeders  allow  the  kids 
to  nurse  their  dams.  At  first  it  is  probably  the  best  plan  to  allow  the 
kids  to  nurse  three  or  even  four  times  daily.      If  the  kids  are  with 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA  103 

their  dams  they  should  not  be  allowed  to  roam  over  very  large  areas 
at  too  early  an  age.  At  the  University  Farm  practically  all  the  kids 
have  been  successfully  raised  on  the  bottle.  Taken  from  their  dams 
at  three  or  four  days  of  age  they  thrive  very  well  when  raised  in 
this  way. 

In  addition  to  milk  the  kids  have  had  access  to  alfalfa  hay  from 
the  time  they  were  about  two  weeks  old.  They  have  also  been  fed 
some  grain  but  never  more  than  one-quarter  to  one-half  pound  a  day. 
The  following  grain  mixtures  have  given  satisfaction : 

I. 

Parts  by  weight 

Eolled  barley  1 

Oats  1 

II. 

Milo  (ground)  1 

Oats  1 

III. 

Dried  beet  pulp 1 

Eolled  barley  1 

Wheat  bran  1 

It  may  require  some  persistency  at  first  to  make  the  kids  take  milk 
from  the  bottle  or  small  pail.  Pail  feeding  has  been  successful  in 
some  cases,  but  it  requires  considerable  persistency  on  the  part  of 
the  attendant  at  the  start.  Only  kids  from  good  stock  should  be 
saved,  while  all  grade  males  should  be  destroyed  or  raised  for  "veni- 
son." The  kids  should  be  dehorned  when  a  few  days  old  by  using 
caustic  soda.  Goats  are  usually  weaned  at  four  or  five  months  of 
age.  Up  to  three  weeks  old  kids  are  extremely  delicate,  but  after 
reaching  the  age  of  one  month  they  become  hardy  and  vigorous.  They 
should  be  kept  indoors  in  dry  quarters  during  rainy  weather  as  they 
are  very  sensitive  to  dampness  when  young. 

CAEE  OF  THE  FEET 

The  feet  should  be  trimmed  regularly,  especially  where  the  ground 
is  soft.  In  its  native  habitat  (in  rocky  regions)  the  goat  keeps  its 
feet  worn  down.  Too  much  stress  cannot  be  laid  on  the  proper  care 
of  the  feet. 

GOAT  HOUSES 

Goat  houses  of  almost  every  style  are  to  be  found  in  California, 
ranging  from  piano  boxes  to  well-constructed  houses.  The  houses 
should  be  clean,  well  ventilated,   and  easily  disinfected.     The   lots 


104  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

around  these  houses  should  be  dry  and  clean.  Very  valuable  goats 
are  preferably  kept  in  box-stalls,  of  a  dimension  of  4  x  5  ft.  The  sides 
are  composed  of  one-inch  boards  placed  two  inches  apart  until  a  height 
of  three  feet;  above  that  they  are  three  inches  apart.  The  sides  are 
about  four  feet  six  inches  high.  A  goat  house  can  be  made  of  box 
stalls  surrounding  an  indoor  corral;  this  is  very  convenient  where  a 
considerable  number  of  goats  are  kept,  especially  when  the  weather  is 
disagreeable.  Some  goat  keepers  only  have  a  couple  of  box  stalls, 
in  which  case  a  square  box-like  shed  can  be  built.  In  such  an  arrange- 
ment a  wooden  bench  on  which  the  goats  may  sleep  at  night  is  put 
about  two  feet  above  the  ground.  The  goat  does  not  care  to  rest  upon 
soft  litter.  If  straw  is  provided  it  will  often  be  scratched  away  until 
a  hard  place  is  reached.  Litter  is  often  necessary  to  absorb  the  urine, 
and  nothing  better  than  sawdust  for  this  purpose  can  be  found  under 
California  conditions. 

MILKING 

It  is  advisable  to  milk  the  goat  in  a  place  apart  from  the  barn  or 
shed  where  the  does  are  kept,  on  account  of  odors.  Either  a  room 
boarded  off  from  the  remainder  of  the  barn  or  a  milking  stand  erected 
in  the  open  does  very  nicely  in  this  state. 

Goats  are  usually  milked  on  a  milking  stand  large  enough  for 
the  doe  to  stand  upon,  and  placed  about  2y2  feet  from  the  floor  or 
ground.  At  one  end  of  this  stand  is  a  stanchion  which  fastens  the 
doe  while  being  milked.  Before  milking  the  doe  should  be  brushed 
with  a  stiff  brush  and  her  udder  wiped  with  a  damp  cloth. 

Care  of  Milk. — As  soon  as  the  milk  is  drawn  it  should  be  removed 
from  the  goat  house,  strained  and  put  in  a  cool  place.  If  promptly 
cooled  to  below  60°  the  milk  will  keep  for  several  days. 

In  order  to  secure  definite  information  as  to  the  milk  production 
of  does  it  is  advisable  to  make  a  practice  of  weighing  the  milk  regu- 
larly one  day  each  month.  By  multiplying  the  yield  by  the  number 
of  days  in  the  month  and  adding  the  products  for  each  month  in  the 
lactation  period,  a  very  satisfactory  measure  of  the  milk  yield  during 
the  period  will  be  obtained. 

PEICE  OF  GOATS 

Prices  of  milch  goats  vary  from  $5.00  for  does  of  unknown  breed- 
ing and  no  particular  milking  capacity,  up  to  $300  or  more  for  pure- 
bred animals.  High-class  grade  females  bring  from  $15.00  to  $35.00 
at  five  months  of  age.  Pure-bred  bucks  and  does  of  good  breeding 
will  bring  up  to  $75  at  the  same  age. 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


105 


Fig.  12. — Imported  Toggenburg  doe  Fanette  in  milking  stand.  (Note  the 
construction  of  the  milking  stand.)  Fanette  has  a  record  of  2680  lbs.  of  milk 
in  a  period  of  twelve  months. 

(Courtesy  of  Mr.   Winthrop   Howland,    Redlands,    Cal.) 


♦ 


106  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

EEGISTEATION 

There  are  two  associations  taking  care  of  the  registrations  of  milch 
goats  in  this  country. 

The  American  Milch  Goat  Record  Association  registers  all  breeds 
of  milch  goats,  whether  pure-bred  or  grades ;  Secretary,  J.  C.  Darst, 
Dayton,  Ohio. 

The  International  Nubian  Breeders'  Association  confines  its  efforts 
to  the  registration  of  Nubians  or  Anglo-Nubians;  Secretary,  Fred  C. 
Lounsbury,  Plainfield,  New  Jersey. 


(B)     RESULTS    OF   EXPERIMENTAL   WORK,    1914-1916 
FEED  REQUIREMENTS  OF  MILCH  GOATS  FOR  MILK  PRODUCTION 

An  experiment  has  been  conducted  with  Toggenburg  goats  at  the 
University  Farm  during  the  past  three  years  with  a  view  to  determine 
their  feed  requirements  and  capacity  for  the  production  of  milk, 
solids,  and  butter-fat,  with  special  reference  to  the  relative  economy 
of  dairy  cows  and  milch  goats  as  milk  producers. 

Four  Toggenburg  does  were  loaned  to  the  University  of  California 
for  experimental  purposes  in  December,  1913,  by  Mr.  Winthrop  How- 
land  of  Rancho  El  Chivar,  Redlands,  California,  viz., 

1.  El  Chivar 's  Hedda,  No.  447  A.  M.  G.  R.  A.,  born  December  29,  1909.    Pure- 
bred doe.      Bred  November  10,  1913,  to  Prince  Tetzel,  No.  528  A.  M.  G.  R.  A. 

2.  El  Chivar 's  Geneva,  No.  651  A.  M.  G.  R.  A.,  born  January  31,  1911.     Pure- 
bred doe.      Bred  October  10,  1913,  to  Prince  Bismarck  II,  No.  653,  A.  M.  G.  R.  A. 

3.  Delia,  %  Toggenburg,  l1/^  years  old.      Bred  September  29,  1913,  to  Prince 
Bismarck  II,  No.  653,  A.  M.  G.  R.  A. 

4.  Delphine,  %  Toggenburg,  1%  years  old.      Bred  November  9,  1913,  to  Prince 
Bismarck  III,  No.  988  A.  M.  G.  R.  A. 

While  at  the  University  Farm  complete  records  were  kept  con- 
cerning their  care,  feed  consumption,  and  production.  The  goats 
were  placed  in  box  stalls  and  fed  alfalfa  hay  ad  lib.  and  from  one  to 
two  pounds  of  grain  mixture  daily.  When  the  weather  permitted 
they  were  tethered  in  the  alfalfa  fields.  Water  was  before  them  at  all 
times,  and  they  had  access  to  salt  in  their  box  stalls.  Records  for  feed 
consumption  up  to  the  time  of  kidding  are  given  in  the  following 
tables : 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


107 


FEED  CONSUMPTION  AND  AVERAGE  WEIGHT  OF  DOES,  IN  POUNDS 

Delia 

Alfalfa  Green  Pasture  Body 

Date  Grain  hay  feed  days  weight 

Dec.  18,  1913-Jan.  1,  1914..  23  28  15.5  ..  96 

Jan.    1-29,    1914 31  35  15.5  4  104 

Jan.  29-Feb.  26,  1914 24.5  28                   7  106 

Feb.  26-Mar.  10,  1914 12  14                  7  106 

Totals  and  Averages 90.5  105  31.0  18  103 

El  Chivar's  Geneva 

Dec.  18,  1913-Jan.  1,  1914  ..  23  28  15.5  ..  98 

Jan.  1-29,  1914 31  35  15.5  4  107 

Jan.   29-Feb.    26,   1914 28  28                   7  118 

Feb.  26-Mar.   15,   1914 21  21                  7 

Totals  and  Averages 103  112  31.0  18  108 

El  Chivar's  Hedda 

Jan.    8-29,    1914 15.2  25  7.0  4  100 

Jan.    29-Feb.26,    1914 28.0  28  ....  7  121 

Feb.   26-Mar.   26,   1914 34.4  13  ....  24  123 

Mar.  26-Apr.  23,  1914 41.4  8  ....  28  125 

Apr.  23-May  21,  1914 57.4  8  ....  91  103 

Totals  and  Averages 176.4  82  7.0  91  114 

Delphine 

Jan.   8-29,    1914 !....  18.7  23  7.0  4  90 

Jan.   29-Feb.   26,   1914 28.0  28  ....  7  92 

Feb.  26-Mar.  26,  1914 35.3  13  ....  24  97 

Mar.  26-Apr.  23,  1914 27.9  8  ....  28  103 

Apr.   23-May  21,   1914 39.3  8  ....  28  134 

Totals  and  Averages 149.2  80  7.0  91  103 

Delia  was  the  first  doe  to  kid,  viz.,  on  February  20,  1914,  after 
a  gestation  period  of  154  days.  This  was  her  first  kidding.  Three 
kids  (two  bucks  and  a  doe)  were  dropped,  weighing  6.5,  6.4,  and  4.9 
pounds,  respectively.  The  kids  were  left  with  their  dam  until  March 
10,  after  which  time  they  were  raised  by  hand. 

El  Chivar's  Geneva  kidded  on  March  11,  1914,  after  a  gestation 
period  of  152  days.  She  had  had  previous  kiddings.  Geneva  dropped 
twin  kids  (a  buck  and  a  doe)  weighing  5.8  and  5.9  pounds,  respec- 
tively.    The  kids  were  kept  with  the  dam  for  four  days. 

El  Chivar's  Hedda  kidded  on  April  11,  1914,  after  a  gestation 
period  of  152  days.     Hedda  had  had  previous  kiddings.    She  dropped 


108 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


triplets  (two  bucks  and  one  doe),  weighing  5.8,  5.6,  and  5.1  pounds, 
respectively.  Hedda's  kids  were  not  separated  from  her  until  May 
21,  1914. 

Delphine  kidded  on  April  12,  1914,  after  a  gestation  period  of  154 
days.  This  was  Delphine 's  first  kidding.  She  dropped  twin  kids 
(a  buck  and  a  doe),  weighing  5.0  and  4.6  pounds,  respectively.  These 
kids  were  left  with  their  dam  as  Delphine 's  teats  were  so  short  that 
it  was  next  to  impossible  to  milk  her.  She  died  from  pneumonia 
shortly  after  kidding. 

Records  for  production  and  feed  consumption  for  two  other 
pure-bred  Toggenburg  does  have  been  kept,  viz.,  El  Chivar's  Gretel, 
No.  1022  A.  M.  G.  R.  A.,  and  El  Chivar's  Hertha,  No.  1023  A.  M.  G. 
R.  A.  The  former  kidded  on  April  6,  1915,  dropping  twins  (a  horn- 
less doe  and  a  horned  buck).  The  buck  kid  weighed  seven  pounds  at 
birth,  while  the  doe  kid's  weight  was  six  pounds. 

El  Chivar's  Gretel  was  born  March  11,  1914,  making  her  one  year 
and  twenty-six  days  old  at  the  time  of  kidding. 

El  Chivar's  Hertha,  No.  1023  A.  M.  G.  R.  A.,  kidded  on  April  6, 
1915,  dropping  twins.  Hertha  was  born  April  11,  1914,  making  her 
just  one  year  old  at  the  time  she  kidded. 

The  following  records  give  the  complete  milk  yields  of  the  five 
does  during  the  lactation  periods  and  the  amounts  of  feed  consumed 
during  that  time : 


Delia 


Date, 
1914 

3/10-  3/26 

Weight, 
lbs. 

103 

Lbs. 
milk 

87.7 

Production 

Solids 
Per  cent     Lbs. 

14.0       12.31 

Fat 
Per  cent     Lbs. 

4.67       4.10 

Feed   Consumption 

Alfalfa      Green 
Grain         hay        alfalfa 

24.6         6.0 

Past, 
days 

14 

3/26-  4/23 

100 

175.6 

13.0 

22.87 

3.86 

6.79 

72.1 

8.0 

28 

4/23-  5/21 

108 

162.8 

12.6 

20.63 

3.56 

5.70 

59.4 

8.0 

28 

5/21-  6/18 

105 

142.2 

12.2 

17.38 

3.49 

4.97 

12.0 

64.4 

239.5 

7 

6/18-  7/16 

103 

133.5 

12.0 

16.05 

3.56 

4.76 

54.1 

421.0 



7/16-  8/12 

100 

128.0 

11.8 

15.11 

3.35 

4.29 

34.8 

434.0 



8/12-  9/10 

103 

118.9 

11.9 

14.20 

3.30 

3.93 

30.4 

430.0 

9/10-10/8 

103 

89.5 

12.7 

11.35 

3.80 

3.40 

35.9 

341.0 



10/8  -11/5 

105 

86.0 

13.5 

11.60 

4.50 

3.83 

62.0 

303.0 

11/5  -12/3 

101 

80.8 

14.2 

11.46 

4.88 

3.94 

54.0 

350.0 



12/3  -12/31 

103 

54.6 

14.6 

7.98 

5.20 

2.83 

186.0 

38.0 

— 

1915 
12/31-  1/14 

109 
104 

23.7 

14.3 

3.40 

5.90 

1.19 

105.0 

.... 

310  days 

1283.3 

12.88 

164.34 

3.88 

49.73 

16.81 

648.6 

2556.5 

77 

Total 

feed  units 

862.4 

Total 

units  f 

)er  100 

lbs.  milk 

67.2 

Total  units  per  1  lb.  fat 17,3 


THE   MILCH  GOAT  IN   CALIFORNIA 


109 


Geneva 


Production 

Feei 

»   Consumption 

Date, 
1914 

Weight, 
lbs. 

Lbs. 
milk 

Solids 
Per  cent      Lbs. 

Fat 
Per  cent      Lbs. 

Grain 

Alfalfa 
hay 

Green 
alfalfa 

Past, 
days 

3/15-  3/26 

120 

67.6 

13.8 

9.34 

4.74 

3.21 

18.3 

3.0 

11 

3/26-  4/23 

123 

230.6 

12.5 

28.80 

3.79 

8.75 

71.5 

8.0 

28 

4/23-  5/21 

139 

271.9 

11.8 

32.21 

3.19 

8.70 

55.8 

8.0 

28 

5/21-  6/18 

124 

260.2 

11.6 

30.30 

2.95 

7.68 

71.7 

56.0 

216.9 

7 

6/18-  7/16 

126 

260.6 

10.9 

28.65 

2.80 

7.29 

78.8 

50.0 

374.5 



7/16-  8/12 

129 

251.2 

10.8 

27.18 

2.75 

6.90 

26.7 

26.7 

329.2 



8/12-  9/10 

134 

212.7 

11.3 

24.06 

2.93 

6.24 

56.0 

18.2 

309.3 



9/10-10/8 

125 

150.4 

11.1 

17.65 

3.30 

4.97 

50.0 

37.8 

290.0 



10/8  -11/5 

127 

145.1 

12.2 

17.60 

3.80 

5.46 

42.0 

60.0 

289.0 



11/5  -12/3 

124 

124.2 

13.3 

16.46 

4.51 

5.59 

42.0 

64.0 

301.0 



12/3  -12/31 

122 

110.2 

13.2 

14.50 

4.40 

4.78 

35.0 

186.0 

38.0 

— 

1915 
12/31-  1/21 

135 

73.3 

15.2 

9.60 

5.10 

3.23 

14.0 

155.0 

.... 

312  days         127     2158.0       11.9     256.34       3.37     72.80     615.6     672.7     2147.9       74 

Total   feed   units 1264.2 

Feed  units  per  100  lbs.  milk 58.5 

Feed  units  per  1  lb.  fat 17.3 


Hedda 

Production  Feed   Consumption 

Date,                  Weight,       Lbs.                 Solids                         Fat  Alfalfa  Green 

1915                       lbs.            milk      Per  cent      Lbs.       Per  cent      Lbs.        Grain      hay  alfalfa 

5/14-  5/21         28.0       12.3         3.44       4.60       1.29       14.0  6.0        

5/21-  6/18         124       177.9       12.5       22.25       3.59       6.48       14.0  64.4  239.5 

6/18-  7/16         120       114.3       12.0       20.91       3.44       6.00        54.1  421.0 

7/16-  8/12         116       161.3       11.7       18.91       3.18       5.12        34.8  434.0 

8/12-  9/10         121       128.3       11.7       14.95       3.02       3.87        30.4  430.0 

9/10-10/8           115       110.0       11.7       12.93       3.60       3.93        35.9  341.0 

10/8  -11/5           116       102.6       12.7       13.10       4.00       4.14        62.0  303.0 

11/5  -12/3           113       101.8       13.4       13.72       4.23       4.31        54.0  350.0 

12/3  -12/31         116         78.5       14.0       11.00       4.50       3.49        186.0  38.0 

1915 

12/31-  1/21         132         55.3       12.8         7.10       3.80       2.07        155.0        

245  days         119     1118.0       12.37  138.31       3.64     40.70       28.0  682.6  2556.5 

Total    feed   units 642.0 

Feed  units  per  100  lbs.  milk 57.4 

Feed  units  per  1  lb.  fat 15.8 


Past, 
days 

7 


14 


110 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 


El  Chivar's  Gretel 


Date, 
1915 

4/15-  5/13 

Weight, 
lbs. 

90 

Lbs. 
milk 

208.7 

Production 

Solids 
Per  cent     Lbs. 

12.6       26.3 

Fal 
Per  cent 

3.6 

i 
Lbs. 

7.53 

Feed   Consumption 

Alfalfa      Green 
Grain         hay        alfalfa 

45.0     112 

Past, 
days 

28.0 

5/13-  6/10 

90 

210.0 

11.4 

24.0 

2.8 

5.93 

45.3 

102 

37 

17.5 

6/10-  7/8 

89 

187.9 

10.8 

20.3 

2.5 

4.71 

41.9 

69 



17.5 

7/8  -  8/5 

90 

181.0 

10.8 

19.5 

2.6 

4.75 

45.3 

74 

32 

10.5 

8/5  -  9/2 

97 

176.9 

9.8 

17.4 

2.1 

3.72 

55.6 

98 



24.5 

9/2  -  9/30 

104 

155.8 

10.4 

16.3 

2.6 

3.99 

55.6 

84 



28.0 

9/30-10/28 

102 

122.9 

11.0 

13.5 

3.1 

3.81 

42.0 

84 



28.0 

10/28-11/25 

102 

80.7 

12.0 

9.7 

3.6 

2.92 

42.0 

87 

25 

10.5 

11/25-12/23 

98 

65.0 

12.6 

8.2 

4.0 

2.58 

19.0 

83 

25 

1916 
12/23-  1/20 

97 

66.3 

12.4 

8.2 

3.5 

2.04 

19.0 

67 

1/20-  2/17 

95 

57.1 

11.3 

7.7 

2.5 

1.41 

14.0 

57 



2/17-  3/16 

91 

40.9 

12.5 

5.1 

3.9 

1.61 

11.0 

44 

.... 

95     1553.2       11.3     176.2         2.89     45.01     435.7     961  119        164.5 

Grain  made  up  as  follows:   43.6  lbs.  bran,  160.1  lbs.  barley,  13.3  lbs.  corn,  152  lbs. 
oats,  19.2  lbs.  linseed  oil  meal,  38.7  lbs.  cocoanut  oil  meal,  7.8  lbs.  dried  beet  pulp. 

Total    feed   units 1081.4 

Feed  units  per  100  lbs.  milk 69.6 

Feed  units  per  1  lb.  fat 24.0 


El  Chivar's  Hertha 


Date 
1915 

4/15-  5/13 

Weight, 
lbs. 

74 

Lbs. 
milk 

166.6 

Production 

Solids 
Per  cent     Lbs. 

12.1       20.2 

Fat 
Per  cent     Lbs. 

3.1         5.22 

Fee 

Grain 

27.7 

d  Consumption 

Alfalfa        Green 
hay           alfalfa 

112 

Past, 
days 

28.0 

5/13-  6/10 

76 

160.3 

11.3 

18.1 

2.8 

4.45 

27.6 

102 

37 

17.5 

6/10-  7/8 

85 

151.5 

10.6 

16.0 

2.4 

3.69 

27.5 

69 



17.5 

7/7  -  8/5 

81 

138.9 

10.7 

14.8 

2.6 

3.64 

27.6 

18 

32 

21.0 

8/5  -  9/2 

82 

130.7 

9.8 

12.8 

2.1 

2.69 

38.4 

98 



24.5 

9/2  -  9/30 

89 

123.2 

10.7 

13.1 

2.5 

3.04 

27.6 

84 



28.0 

9/30-10/28 

100 

92.2 

11.4 

10.5 

2.9 

2.71 

27.6 

84 



28.0 

10/28-11/25 

95 

90.1 

11.5 

10.4 

2.9 

2.64 

27.6 

87 

25 

10.5 

11/25-12/23 

93 

88.3 

12.6 

11.1 

3.8 

3.33 

19.0 

83 

.... 

1916 
12/23-  1/20 

82 

77.8 

12.6 

9.8 

3.8 

2.96 

25.0 

67 

1/20-  2/17 

84 

68.2 

12.2 

8.3 

3.3 

2.28 

14.0 

57 

2/17-  3/16 

85 

53.8 

12.6 

6.8 

3.7 

2.021 

11.4 

46 

.... 

86     1341.6       11.3     151.9         2.88     38.67     301.0     907  94        175.0 

Grain  consists  of:  26.8  lbs.  bran,  115.1  lbs.  barley,  9.4  lbs.  corn,  109.2  lbs.  oats,  12.1 
lbs.  linseed  oil  meal,  23.3  lbs.  cocoanut  oil  meal,  5.1  lbs.  dried  beet  pulp. 

Total    feed   units 933.0 

Feed  units  per  100  lbs.  milk 68.1 

Feed  units  per  1  lb.  fat 24.1 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA  111 

In  calculating  the  cost  of  feeding  the  goats  the  following  average 
feed  prices  have  been  assumed : 

Barley  $29.50  per  ton 

Corn  29.50  per  ton 

Oats  34.00  per  ton 

Linseed  oil  meal 38.50  per  ton 

Cocoanut  oil  meal 24.00  per  ton 

Dried    beet    pulp 22.00  per  ton 

Wheat  bran  27.00  per  ton 

Alfalfa  hay  10.50  per  ton 

Green  alfalfa  2.50  per  ton 

Pasture  .20  per  month 

The  following  table  presents  the  results  of  the  calculation  in  regard 
to  the  total  cost  of  the  feed  eaten  by  the  five  does  during  the  year, 
and  the  feed  cost  per  gallon  of  milk  and  pounds  of  butter-fat : 

Total  cost  Cost  of  feed  Cost  of  feed 

Name  of  feed  per  gal.  milk  per  lb.  fat 

Delia  $9.72  6.5c  19.6c 

Geneva    16.10  6.4c  22.1c 

Hedda  7.02  5.4c  17.2c 

Gretta  12.63  6.9c  28.0c 

Hertha 10.71  6.8c  27.6c 

Average    $11.24  6.4c  22.9 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  feed  eaten  by  the  goats  for  the  entire  year 
cost,  on  the  average,  $11.25  per  ton  at  current  market  prices  during 
the  past  five  years,  and  that  the  feed  cost  of  a  gallon  of  milk  and  a 
pound  of  fat  was  6.4c  and  22.9c,  respectively. 

The  complete  records  of  production  of  the  cows  in  the  University 
dairy  herd  are  available  for  the  past  four  years.  At  the  present 
time,  seventy-three  entire  lactation  periods  for  dairy  cows  have  been 
completed,  in  which  accurate  records  of  production  and  feed  eaten 
by  the  cows  have  been  kept.  These  lactation  periods  include  those 
of  twenty-two  Holstein  cows,  sixteen  Jerseys,  nine  Guernseys,  four 
Ayrshires,  eight  grade  Holsteins,  and  fourteen  grade  Shorthorns. 
Using  the  same  prices  for  feed  as  for  the  milch  goats  we  find  that 
for  the  average  number  of  lactation  periods  given,  the  feed  cost  of 
a  gallon  of  milk  was  8.3c,  and  of  a  pound  of  fat  24.4c.  A  comparison 
between  the  feed  cost  of  a  gallon  of  milk  and  per  pound  of  butter 
fat  for  the  milch  goats  and  the  dairy  cows  in  the  University  herd, 
therefore,  shows  that  the  former  produced  a  gallon  of  milk  at  a  cost 
of  1.9c  lower  than  the  cows,  a  difference  of  23  per  cent,  and  a  pound 


112  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

of  butter-fat  at  a  cost  of  1.7c  lower,  a  difference  of  7  per  cent.  It 
should  be  noted  that  the  goats  in  this  experiment  were  animals  with 
excellent  milk-producing  capacity  and  doubtless  considerably  above 
the  average  for  the  breed.  It  is  possible  that  with  a  large  herd  the 
cost  of  production  would  be  more  nearly  equal  to  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction by  dairy  cows. 

It  is  probable  that  the  interest  in  milch  goats  will  continue  to  grow. 
One  of  the  chief  drawbacks  to  the  industry  in  the  near  future  is  likely 
to  be  the  many  poor  individuals  on  the  market.  The  general  public 
should  understand  that  there  is  a  vast  difference  between  the  good 
and  the  poor  producers  among  milch  goats.  The  main  characteristics 
of  a  good  producer  are  an  angular  form,  a  large  barrel  (abdomen), 
which  with  a  strong,  muscular  jaw  indicates  good  feeding  capacity, 
a  large  udder  of  good  texture,  with  good-sized  teats.  A  certain  refine- 
ment and  "quality"  are  further  indications  of  a  good  milch  goat. 

The  future  of  the  goat  industry  in  this  state  would  seem  to  lie 
in  several  directions:  (1)  The  use  of  milk  for  direct  consumption  of 
the  family;  (2)  as  food  for  infants  and  invalids;  (3)  the  making  of 
cheese  from  the  milk;  (4)  the  breeding  of  high-producing  animals. 

Unlike  conditions  in  European  countries,  milch  goats  are  not  kept 
in  this  country  to  any  great  extent  by  laboring  people  who  depend 
on  the  goat  for  their  entire  milk  supply.  On  the  contrary,  they  are 
kept  by  many  well-to-do  people,  especially  in  southern  California. 

A  single  milch  goat  can  be  fed  at  a  very  low  cost  on  kitchen  waste, 
lawn  clippings,  grass  growing  on  vacant  city  lots  and  along  roadways, 
etc.,  and  the  only  expense  will  be  for  a  little  grain  while  in  milk  and 
for  hay  when  no  green  feed  is  available.  By  depending  on  the  milch 
goat  for  its  milk  supply,  a  family  may  reduce  the  milk  bill  very 
materially,  and  secure  for  feeding  its  members  a  food  article  of  fully 
equal  nutritive  value  to  that  of  cows'  milk,  and  in  the  opinion  of 
eminent  physicians,  superior  to  the  same  so  far  as  the  feeding  of 
infants  and  invalids  is  concerned.  The  latter  point  offers  another 
opportunity  for  profit.  Owners  of  goats  can  often  rent  their  goats 
in  milk,  especially  in  cases  where  goats'  milk  has  been  prescribed  for 
infants  and  invalids  by  physicians. 

Attention  has  already  been  called  to  the  fact  that  milch  goats  vary 
greatly  in  regard  to  milk  production,  and  care  must  therefore  be  taken 
to  secure  good  individuals,  which  must,  moreover,  be  in  perfect  health. 
A  standard  of  three  or  four  quarts  of  milk  per  day  shortly  after 
kidding  is  none  too  high. 

Goats  may  be  kept  to  advantage  on  small  fruit  ranches,  and  on 
high-priced  land  where  there  is  not  sufficient  feed  to  support  a  cow. 


THE  MILCH  GOAT  IN  CALIFORNIA 


113 


Furthermore,  on  rocky  and  hilly  land,  but  little  adapted  to  dairying, 
a  herd  of  milch  goats  may  be  maintained  in  good  production  at  a  small 
feed  cost,  which  will  supply  sufficient  milk  both  for  the  use  of  the 
family  and  neighbors  as  well. 

Such  conditions  prevail  in  many  inaccessible  places,  like  mining 
and  lumbering  camps  where  people  now  ordinarily  depend  on  con- 
densed milk  for  their  milk  supply.      The  great  advantage  of  goats  in 


Fig.  13. — Herd  of  goats  in  the  hills  of  Southern  California. 


such  places  is  that,  unlike  dairy  cattle,  goats  "  always  come  home  at 
night. ' ' 

There  is  a  strong  demand  at  the  present  time  for  milch  goats, 
which  is  likely  to  increase  in  the  future.  Goat  raising  for  supplying 
milch  animals  will  therefore  undoubtedly  prove  profitable  and  is 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  interested  people  who  can  engage  in  the 
business  of  breeding  goats  and  are  familiar  with  this  class  of  live- 
stock. Milch  goats  are  likely  to  be  kept  in  large  numbers  only 
by  such  breeders,  and  by  ranchers  who  supply  goats'  milk  for  the 
manufacture  of  cheese  or  condensed  milk.  The  large  majority  of 
people  keeping  milch  goats,  whether  in  towns  or  in  the  country,  will 


114  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT  STATION 

keep  one  or  two  animals  only  for  supplying  their  own  needs.  The 
future  of  the  goat  industry  will  depend  primarily  on  the  extent  to 
which  these  people  take  advantage  of  the  special  opportunities  for 
securing  a  valuable,  necessary  food  product  at  a  minimum  cost  that 
goat  keeping  offers. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Information  Concerning  Milch  Goats,  by  Geo.  Fayette  Thompson.  Bureau  of 
Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bulletin  68,  1905.  (May 
be  obtained  from  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Washington,  D.  C.  Price, 
15  cents.) 

The  Booh  of  the  Goat,  by  Henry  Stephens  Holmes  Pegler.  L.  Upton  Gill,  170 
Strand,  London,  W.   C,  1909. 

Profit  and  Pleasure  in  Goat-Keeping ,  by  Fred  C.  Lounsbury.  Published  by  the 
author,  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  1915. 

Money  in  Goats,  by  W.  Sheldon  Bull.  Published  by  the  author,  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
1915. 

Goats'  Milk  for  Infant  Feeding,  by  W.  H.  Jordan  and  G.  A.  Smith.  Geneva, 
N.  Y.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Bulletin  429. 

The  Casein  and  Salts  in  Goats'  Mttk,  by  A.  W.  Bosworth  and  L.  L.  Van  Slyke. 
Geneva,  N.  Y.,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Technical  Bulletin  46,  1915. 

Malta  Fever,  with  Special  Reference  to  its  Diagnosis  and  Control  in  Goats,  by 
John  R.  Mohler  and  Adolph  Eichhorn.  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  Circular  215. 

Talcosis,  A  Contagious  Disease  of  Goats,  by  John  R.  Mohler  and  Henry  J.  Wash- 
burn. Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bul- 
letin 45. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS   AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE   DISTRIBUTION 


REPORTS 

1897.      Resistant  Vines,   their  Selection,   Adaptation,   and  Grafting.     Appendix  to  Viticultural 
Report  for  1896. 

1902.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station  for   1898-1901. 

1903.  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for   1901-03. 

1904.  Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural   Experiment  Station  for   1903-04. 

1914.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,   July, 

1913-June,    1914. 

1915.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station,    July, 

1914-June,    1915. 

1916.  Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture   and  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station,    July, 

1915-June,    1916. 

BULLETINS 


No. 

230. 
241. 
242. 
244. 
246. 
248. 

249. 
250. 
251. 


252. 
253. 

255. 
257. 
261. 

262. 

263. 
264. 
265. 
266. 


Enological  Investigations. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I. 

Humus  in  California  Soils. 

Utilization  of  Waste  Oranges. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  II. 

The  Economic  Value  of  Pacific  Coast 

Kelps. 
Stock-Poisoning  Plants  of  California. 
The  Loquat. 
Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic 

Matter   in    Septic    and    Imhoff   Tank 

Sludges. 
Deterioration  of  Lumber. 
Irrigation   and   Soil   Conditions   in  the 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California. 
The   Citricola    Scale. 
New  Dosage  Tables. 
Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia." 
Citrus   Diseases   of  Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared  with  Those  of  California. 
Size  Grade  for  Ripe  Olives. 
The  Calibration  of  the  Leakage  Meter. 
Cottonv  Rot  of  Lemons  in  California. 
A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind. 


No. 

267. 
268. 
270. 


271. 
272. 
273. 

274. 

275. 

276. 
277. 
278. 
279. 
280. 

281. 

282. 

283. 
284. 
285. 


CIRCULARS 

No.  No. 

82.   The     Common     Ground     Squirrels     of  142. 
California. 

107.  Spraying  Walnut  Trees  for  Blight  and  143. 

Aphis  Control. 

108.  Grape  Juice.  144. 

109.  Communitv  or  Local   Extension  Work  145. 

by  the  High  School  Agricultural  De- 
partment. 146. 

113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

114.  Increasing  the  Dutv  of  Water.  147. 

115.  Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards.  148. 

117.  The    Selection    and    Cost    of    a    Small  150. 

Pumping  Plant.  -  151. 

118.  The  County  Farm  Bureau.  152. 
121.    Some    Things    the    Prospective    Settler 

Should  Know.  153. 
124.   Alfalfa   Silage  for  Fattening  Steers. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper.  154. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

128.  Insecticide  Formulas.  155. 

129.  The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects.  156. 

130.  Cabbage  Growing  in   California.  157. 

131.  Spraying  for  Control  of  Walnut  Aphis.  158. 

132.  When  to  Vaccinate  against  Hog  Cholera.  159. 

133.  County  Farm  Adviser.  160. 

134.  Control  of  Raisin   Insects.  161. 

135.  Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows.  162. 

136.  Melilotus  Indica. 

137.  Wood  Decay  in  Orchard  Trees.  163. 

138.  The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture. 

139.  The   Generation    of   Hydrocyanic   Acid  164. 

Gas  in  Fumigation  by  Portable  Ma-  165. 
chines. 

140.  The  Practical  Application  of  Improved  166. 

Methods  of  Fermentation   in   Califor-  167. 

nia  Wineries  during  1913  and  1914.  168. 

141.  Standard   Insecticides   and   Fungicides 

versus  Secret  Preparations. 


Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus. 

Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 
on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 

Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

The  Common  Honey  Bee  as  an  Agent 
in   Prune   Pollination. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Pomegranate. 

Sudan  Grass. 

Grain   Sorghums. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gophers  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Trials  with  California  Silage  Crops  for 
Dairy  Cows. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  Imperial  Valley. 

The  Milch  Goat  in  California. 


Practical  and  Inexpensive  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 

Control  of  Grasshoppers  in  Imperial 
Valley. 

Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 

Suggestions  to  Poultrymen  concerning 
Chicken  Pox. 

Jellies  and  Marmalades  from  Citrus 
Fruits. 

Tomato   Growing  in  California. 

"Lungworms." 

Round  Worms  in   Poultry. 

Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 

Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 
ling of  Grain  in  California. 

Announcement  of  the  California  State 
Dairy  Cow  Competition,    1916-18. 

Irrigation  Practice  in  Growing  Small 
Fruits  in  California. 

Bovine  Tuberculosis. 

How  to  Operate  an  Incubator. 

Control  of  the   Pear  Scab. 

Home  and  Farm  Canning. 

Agriculture  in  the   Imperial  Valley. 

Lettuce    Growing   in    California. 

Potatoes  in   California. 

White  Diarrhoea  and  Coccidiosis  of 
Chicks. 

Fundamentals  Affecting  the  Food  Sup- 
ply of  the  United  States. 

Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

Fundamentals  of  Sugar  Beet  under 
California  Conditions. 

The  County  Farm  Bureau. 

Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 

Spraying  for  the  Control  of  Wild  Morn- 
ing-Glory  within  the  Fog  Belt. 


